kassites in the bible

kassites in the bible. 55, No. Following this event, his grandfather Aur-uballi invaded Babylonia to place Kurigalzu II (1327-03 BCE) on the throne. 164 f.) and Hatti. kudurru). and ruled the area for 576 years. What Is The Eye Of The Needle (Matthew 19:23-24 / Mark 10:25)? Christians have historically spoken of the Bible as being divided into the "Old" and the "New" testaments. It does not store any personal data. Cuneiform Texts in The Otago Museum: A preliminary report. K. Nashef, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der mittelbabylonischen und mittelassyrischen Zeit, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 5, Wiesbaden, 1982. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Last modified August 03, 2011. 125-145, Potts, Daniel T. (1999). It was written plain as day in the Egyptian language. atttacks Babylonia and takes the throne in 1224. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. After this point, the Kassites had faded into obscurity. The Kassites, controlled Mesopotamia from 1595 to 1157 B.C. Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. Although both the level of urbanization and of the rural population in Babylonia was lower than that in the early second millennium BCE (cf. (1969): 310-348, Kaniuth, Kai. 240-44. A man named Tobiah the Ammonite is mentioned in Nehemiah 2:19 at the end of the Old Testament period (400s BC). Biblical Archaeology - Significant Discoveries from Ancient Empires. The dependents employed in these sectors received rations, the quantities of which were determined according to the recipients rank in the hierarchy. Is The NIV Purposefully Removing References To Fasting? Ancient Orient Museum, Lapis Lazuli fragment with building inscriptions, Kassite, from Iraq. Ira Spar, Michael Jursa: Cuneiform Texts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. A timeline of ancient Mesopotamian history up to and including the Persians. 160 f.; also > Kunu-; cf. 225, 1977, pp. West of Edin: Tell al-Deylam and the Babylonian City of Dilbat The Biblical Archaeologist , Vol. In letter #108, Rib-Hadda gives praises to Baal and also Samas in the sky. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of the east were gathered together, and went over, and pitched in the valley of Jezreel. (1998, p. 83) advocate a lower chronology, thereby narrowing the gap between the end of the Old Babylonian period and, ca. 2014. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Omissions? In addition, no Kassite anthroponyms and toponyms are recorded in these regions according to the above-mentioned early sources. The Kassites were very active at Ur. Kassite Dynasty (List of Kings) Gandash, 16 years Agum I (s), 22 years 2023 Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1-26. . 3000-323 BC., Oxford, 2003. 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. When Burnaburia II died, his son Kara-harda succeeded him but was assassinated in a rebellion (1328 BCE). According to the accounts in Genesis, and the dates that follow throughout the entirety of the era of Kings and Judges, the Exodus occurred in 1312bce, which is 2448 years from the creation of Adam. Originally Published in 1962 Mesopotamian Motifs in the Early Chapters of Genesis By: E.A. The Character of the Kassite rule in Babylonia (the chronology follows Boese, 1982; cf. [5] The chief gods, titular gods of the kings, were Shuqamuna and Shumaliya. Babylonian wealth and influence at this time is reflected in the use of the cuneiform script and the Babylonian language as the main form of diplomatic communication. 479-491, Potts, D. T. Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. This proves that the early Kassite state was able to assign large resources for huge projects. Idem, Beitrge zur Verwaltung und Gesellschaft Babyloniens in der Kassitenzeit, Baghdader Forschungen 21, Mainz, 2001. Copyright 2023 Wisdom-Advices | All rights reserved. Buried History, 51, 57-60. J. Oelsner, Landvergabe im kassitischen Babylonien, in M. A. Dandamayev, I. Gershevitch, H. Klengel, G. Komorczy, M. T. Larsen, and J. N. Postgate, eds., Societies and Languages in the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of I.M. The temples that the Kassite kings built or rebuilt are mainly in the Babylonian tradition, although one Kassite innovation was the use of molded bricks to form figures in relief. Amazing Bible Timeline with World History, http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/MiddleEast/Kassites.html, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites#Kassite_Dynasty_of_Babylo, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kassite_Babylonia_EN.svg. 147, Lambert, W. G. The Warwick Kudurru. Syria, vol. Cite This Work Already at that time they could purchase land and acted as officials, especially in horse breeding (Heinz, 1995, p. 167). Since the word Hebrew is a poor transliteration of the word Ivri (pronounced ihv`ree) it is a stretch to say that the word Apiru or Habiru is from the same source. Kassite period, 14th century BCE. Some kudurrus are kept in the Louvre in Paris and others in the National Museum of Iraq. Judges 6:3 | View whole chapter | See verse in context. 1465 BCE (Brinkman, 1972, p. 274; Edens 1994, p. 210). "6. 4 Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? 263 f. with lit.). More could be said about archaeology and the conquest of Canaan but for the sake of this post I will not include everything. The commonly held opinion that they originated from the Zagros mountains east of Babylonia (see, e.g., Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Heinz, 1995, p. 167) is based on the assumption that their geographical distribution before they took over the Babylonian alluvium was the same as their distribution after the demise of the Kassite rule in Babylonia. After Babylon came within the Kassite sphere of control its city-god, Marduk was absorbed into the Kassite pantheon. 135-38. Hittite, member of an ancient Indo-European people who appeared in Anatolia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium bce; by 1340 bce they had become one of the dominant powers of the Middle East. 131149, 1949, O. R. Gurney, Further Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Sumer, vol. Map Store - Download High-Res Maps and Images, 2023, Bible History | All rights reserved, Middle Babylonian Period (1595 - 1000 BC). The king at the time of Joshuas invasion was Adoni-zedek (Joshua 10:1-3), which would have had to come after Abdi-Heba since Joshua overtook southern and northern Palestine (Joshua 10-11). The problem is that there are several places called Ur. (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) [1] By the time of Babylon's fall, the Kassites had already been part of the region for a century and a half, acting sometimes with the Babylon's interests and sometimes against. Cush here probably refers, not to Ethiopia, but to the land of the Kassites in the mountains of east of Mesopotamia. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Hittites, Kassites and Mitanni Children's Middle Eastern History Books, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Detail, facade of Inanna's Temple at Uruk, Kassite, 15th century BCE. Therefore it is clear that the King List includes ancestors of the Kassite kings (cf. Altorientalische Forschungen (in German) (30): 372381. Idem, Materials and Studies for Kassite History, 1: A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty, Chicago, 1986. The Semitic mind of the Bible could see that universality connoted in the phrase 'for many'. They had encountered many different kingdoms and tribes before they reached their destination. Jesus is the culmination of His ancestors' expectation of the fulfillment of the Edenic Promise. (c)linking his wealth to the traditional system (d)damaging the economy beyond repair (e)permanently reforming corrupt temple priest in egypt (a)the invention of monotheism Which of the following is true of the rule of Akhenaten? It is either anachronistic, or a poor translation. A 300-year Middle Eastern Dark lasted from 1157 to 883 B.C. 19, no. However, it should be remembered that there are many fewer texts from other parts of the Kassite state. [6] As was typical in the region, there was some cross pollination with other religions. The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. Kassite deities were the pantheon of the Kassites ( Akkadian: Ka, from Kassite Galzu [1] ), a group inhabiting parts of modern Iraq (mostly historical Babylonia and the Nuzi area), as well as Iran and Syria, in the second and first millennia BCE. Toronto, Buffalo, and London, 1990. : Die Kassiten, in K. Bartl, R. Bernbeck, and M. Heinz, eds., Zwischen Euphrat und Indus. What Really Happened Between Ruth and Boaz On The Threshing Floor. Idem, Elamites and Other Peoples from Iran and the Persian Gulf Region in Early Mesopotamian Sources, Iran 32, 1994, pp. E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, Die mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall amad, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall amad/Dr-Katlimmu (BATSH) 4, Texte 1, Berlin 1996. They are well represented among the great landowners. The chronology of the Kassite rulers is very uncertain. . ''Some Shared Traditions Between Hana and the Kassites'', In Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael C. Astour on His 80th Birthday, 417-432.Potts, D. T. (2006). Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. Several Kassite tribes and clans bore Akkadian and atypical names (Sassmannshausen, 2001, pp. They eventually detached themselves from the Babylonian state and its urban centers, probably because they were unpaid or unprovisioned. 54, 1992, pp. "16. 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. A. 2, 2004, pp. [18] Often situated on the surface, many were found early and made their way to museums around the world. 111, no. During subsequent raids, Elamite troops stole numerous monuments from sanctuaries across southern Mesopotamia and carried them back to Susa, contributing to . Goblets and wavy sided bowls are commonly found in Kassite pottery deposits. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. 146-164, Brinkman, John Anthony. Dr-Kurigalzu: Insights from Unpublished Iraqi Excavation Reports". According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. There is a striking parallel in the #287 and #290 Amarna letters referring to Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem. [38], The annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib detail that on his second, eastern, campaign of 702 BC he campaigned against the land of the Kassites, that being along the along the Diyala River between the Jebel Hamrin and the Darband-i-Khan. 41, no. While the term Kushite is generally understood as meaning black African, several places in the Bible refer to other locations as Kush, including Midian, the home of Moses' wife Zipporah. Web. 2, pp. Easily See 6017 Years of Biblical and World History Together! 925, Yaln, Serdar. No, King David Never Danced Naked Before The Lord, Top 10 Worst Christian Fashions And Clothing. 221-223, Marcus, Michelle I. 464-73. From the letters of Adbi-Heba it is clearly seen that he is having severe trouble with the Apiru. Important sources for reconstructing the Kassite Dynasty are kudurrus. 1-8. Idem, Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B.C. A. Speiser View PDF Biblical history proper begins with the call to Abraham to leave his native country and set out for a destination that is to become the Promised Land. The emergence of Assyria as a world power under Aur-uballi caused Burnaburia II to marry Aur-uballis daughter as his main wife. Volume 1 Kardunia. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. The administration was directed from the palaces of various cities. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. [13] In total, about 12,000 Kassite period documents have been recovered, of which only around 10% have been published. L. Sassmannshausen, The Adaptation of the Kassites to the Babylonian Civilization, in K. van Lerberghe and G. Voet, eds., Languages and Cultures in Contact. World History Encyclopedia. During this time, Joseph was born and eventually sold into Egypt. I; Chronicles conserning early babylonian Studies in Eastern History, II. The attempt of A. Ancillotti (1981) to demonstrate that Kassite is originally an Indo-Aryan language is not convincing. 10, 1980, pp. Fourteen letters were exchanged between the pharaohs and two successive Kassite kings, Kadaman-Enlil I (1369-55 BCE) and Burnaburia II (1354-28 BCE). the Kassites, take over this region, and you can see them . Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. The Kassites: An ancient Near Eastern people, the Kassites ruled Babylonia from from 1531 BC to 1155 BC after the fall of the First Babylonian Empire. M. Bloomfield, On Some Alleged Indo-European Languages in Cuneiform Characters, AJSLL 25, 1904, pp. Kassites. 1-48. The History of Rome - Brief Overview Of Roman History from Her Dawn to the First Punic War. The letters M-S in ancient Egyptian mean to come from. 535-545, Taha Baqir, "Iraq Government Excavations at 'Aqar Qf. Idem, Peoples from the Iranian Plateau in Babylonia during the Second Millennium B.C., Iran 25, 1987, pp. 3, 1982, pp. Thank you! The fall of the First Sealand dynasty in 1460 BC created a power vacuum which the Kassites filled. [51] It is found in many Moesoptamia cities including Eridu and Tell Khaiber. 71 ff.) Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century bc, but not at Babylon. Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. 2, line 18; 10, 11.31.34). 233234, Levine, Louis D. The Second Campaign of Sennacherib. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. Thus Rameses means to come from Ra and Mosa would be incomplete, and as it says in Exodus he was drawn from the water. The Kassite termini surviving in Akkadian are mainly from the realms of horse breeding and chariot building. 32731, Horowitz, W., Reeves, S., Stillman, L., White, M., & Zilberg, P. (2015). 131 f.). 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. Yanoam, is not known (maybe Yaknoam). (Kassites). At least three toponyms in Mannea, another three in Gizilbunda, and one in eastern Media are explicable in Kassite terms. Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. The only Kassite deities who had temples in Kassite Babylonia were the patron deities of the royal family, uqamuna and umaliya. )], Buga[u?] 17385, Schneider, Bernhard. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. "Ur:" The Kassite Period and the Period of the Assyrian Kings"." The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. Namri was named Babil, i.e., Babylon, in Urartian inscriptions, according to Diakonoff and Kashkai (1979, pp. M. Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. Brinkman, 1986). 2, 2006, pp. Ramose was her father. In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state. A. 2, 2021, pp. The fall of Babylon is reported by a number of ancient sources, including the Cyrus Cylinder, the Greek historian Herodotus, as well as a number of books in the Old Testament. M. Hlscher, Die Personennamen der kassitenzeitlischen Texte aus Nippur, Imgula 1, Mnster, 1996. Learn how your comment data is processed. XVI, Fasc. Volume 2 Kardunia. Aktuelle Forschungsprobleme in der vorderasiatischen Archologie, Hildesheim, 1995, pp. 14151050 BCE. The section concludes with a brief appendix (chapter 45). Abraham was from the city of Ur according to Genesis 11:31 above. [28][29] A typical treaties include the EgyptianHittite peace treaty (c.1259 BC) and the treaty between the Kassite ruler Karaindash and the Assyrian ruler Ashur-bel-nisheshu (c. 1410 BC). The chariot and the horse, which the Kassites worshipped, first came into use in Babylonia at this time. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Brinkman, Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the second Dynasty of Isin, JESHO 6, 1963, pp. 257 ff. There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. The 9th year name of king Samsu-iluna (17491712 BC) of Babylon, the son of Hammurabi mentions them ie. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online.If you enter several tags, separate with commas. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Katiliau of Terqa was probably a contemporary of Abi-euh (1711-1684 BCE; see Podany, 2002, pp. On the whole, it cannot be proven that the Kassites living in Babylonia had an essentially different social organization from that of the Babylonians (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 150). How did the American colonies actually win the war and gain their Independence from Britain? The Kushites are the Nilo-Saharan peoples who contributed their binary worldview to the ancient Afro-Asiatic world. The Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections makes a very strong argument that it is not representing Israel but the field is quite divided on this piece. Adad-shuma-usur had the longest reign that lasted for about 30 years. This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE). Our collection of maps are simple and they are free. 2, 1971, Ferrara, A. J. The few sources consist of personal names, a few documents, and some technical terms related to horses and chariotry. Unfortunately the tablet containing the list is fragmentary. 86 ff.). When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". A stele (monument) from Egypt, dating back to 1208 BCE is the firs known inscription mentioning the nation of Israel. Several individuals with Kassite names are recorded in the prism of Tunip-Teup from Tikunani (ca. For a time I said I was an atheist. His body was never found and also coincidentally there was no chariots available for other wars for quite a while after that. Most of the documentation (ca. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. Kassites. bukaum), who received envoys of the king of Halaba (very probably Aleppo) in his encampment, was perhaps a contemporary of Samsiluna (see Podany, 2002, p. 49). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The Kissites used their alliances to help repel enemies and to establish a trade. "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. This God held this position for many years after Kassite rule hand ended. 5 What kind of government did the Kassites have? The rulers of Allabria, Hubukia, and Ginguhtu, regions in the direction of present-day West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, bore Kassite names (Ianzi-buria, Ianz, and Ursi respectively). But how can people not see Ahmose named her son Ahmose because she pulled him from the water. To the east of the Hittite Empire, Mesopotamia was not ruled by a single state or empire during most of the Bronze Age. "Ethiopian" was a Greek term for black-skinned peoples generally, often applied to Kush (which was well known to the Hebrews and often mentioned in the Hebrew Bible). They had some distinct words for their language, but they borrowed most of their dialect from the Babylonian people. Volume 1 Kardunia. The inscription is believed to be between 1400 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity. "Ur in the Kassite Period". Moses' two brothers, Korah and Aaron, were Horite . Kassites and Assyrians. Balkan, 1954, pp. The Kassites hardly penetrated the fields where acquaintance with the scribal art was required. On the Seal Impressions on Some Old Babylonian Tablets Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. There were 36 kings in this dynasty ruling 576 years and 9 months. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. Some lexicographers associate the "land of Cush" of Genesis 2:13 with the Kassites (Akkadian, kassu ), a people of the plateau of central Asia mentioned in ancient cuneiform inscriptions but whose history remains quite obscure. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 229-244, Brinkman, J. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. [55] Other similar glass dated 1500 BC was found at Tell al-Rimah. Why Did The Samaritan Woman At The Well Have So Many Marriages? [31] The most notable of these efforts was the construction of a new city, Dur-Kuirgalzu. The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. While the period of enslavement by the Egyptians meant that the Israelites would certainly not be writing anything down, it did not prevent the Egyptians from documenting certain things. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole, and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (a Joint Ghent-Chicago-Harvard Project), Mesopotamian History and Environment 2: Memoirs 4. ISBN 0-521-563585. pp. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. The number of Kassite appellatives is restricted (slightly more than 60 vocables, mostly referring to colors, parts of the chariot, irrigation terms, plants, and titles). The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( short chronology ). [3], The origin and classification of the Kassite language, like the Sumerian language and Hurrian language, is uncertain, and, also like the two latter languages, has generated a wide array of speculation over the years, even to the point of linking it to Sanskrit.

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