effect of microwave on human body ppt
Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Correspondence to 1999;9:3438. 2007;28:187380. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. 2008;169:3845. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Merola et al. J Pharm Sci. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. PubMed A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Neurobiol Learn Mem. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. PubMed Central Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. 2012;25:1828. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Mol Brain Res. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. CAS All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. 2010;473:525. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Article Singh et al. J Neuro. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. Behav Brain Res. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Springer Nature. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Xu et al. Surg Neurol. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. However,. Bull Exp Biol Med. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. 1994;8:714. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Int J Radiat Biol. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Iran J Public Health. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Article The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Radiat Res. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. JAMA. Harris KM. Dasdag et al. 2004;23:20114. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2003;80:194210. 2017;326:291. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Google Scholar. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. 2000;284:30017. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Clinics. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. 2004;155:3743. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Thus, Cosquer et al. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Cell Biochem Biophys. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Biomed Environ Sci. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. 2 Researchers have been working. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. 2000;6:18793. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Cassel et al. These conclusions are presented in Table2. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. statement and The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. 2006;398:2537. Bioelectromagnetics. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. 2003;11:346. 2004;115:1490505. 2012;3:3440. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. 2002;57:2702. 2015;51:15865. Google Scholar. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. 2011;31:2293301. 2012;62:22336. However, Li et al. Neurosci Lett. PubMed 2009;4:e4389. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Yale J Biol Med. PubMed Central Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. 2016;25:31827. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. The effects are usually . J Environ Health. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2006;165:63644. Qutob et al. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. PubMed Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. 2013;34:26474. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Cobb et al. CAS Behav Brain Res. 2014:125. J Clin Oncol. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. 2016;397:2239. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). World J Biol Chem. Int J Radiat Biol. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Rev Environ Health. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Brain Res. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Arch Environ Health. & Hu, XJ. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. 1990;39:13543. CAS Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Neurol Sci. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Int J Hyg Environ Health. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: 2014;12:75. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Bioelectromagnetics. 2015;56:2618. 1975;148:1723. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Behav Brain Res. 2011;107:35661. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. CAS 2012;112:1715. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. 2010;1347:17985. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Motawi et al. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988;9:33745. 2014;53:22230. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Int J Radiat Biol. By using this website, you agree to our 2016;74:99107. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. 2014;8:63. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. 2015;36:4804. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. PubMed Int J Radiat Biol. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. Article N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. 2006;5:389. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. [84] and Sharma et al. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Google Scholar. Google Scholar. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. . Bioelectromagnetics. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Behav Brain Res. 1992;114:16202. Electromagn Biol Med. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. Cosquer et al. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. California Privacy Statement, 2013;89:11007. Google Scholar. Brain Res. Bioelectromagnetics. 2006;27:295306. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. 2015;91:55561. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. 2007;96:218196. 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